The Ghost Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1030 Words

In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, the ghost of King Hamlet is a subtle character who has a major effect on Hamlet during the play. Although he appears very little, the ghost causes Hamlet to not think correctly, not act his normal self, and make people think he has gone insane. The ghost’s presence is not always clear and only speaks to Hamlet in the story, which makes other characters think Hamlet is going crazy. Throughout the play, the ghost only appears four times throughout the play, but every appearance is significant and has an effect on Hamlet. The first time the ghost appears in Act 1 Scene 1, he does not speak but has a major impact here. â€Å"Look where it comes from† (Ham. 1.1.47). Marcellus says this quote, and it makes the reader know the ghost’s presence is known. The ghosts presence is very clear here here. Marcellus, Horatio, and Barnardo all witness the ghost here, making illusion or people just seeing things here not an option. The whole thing about the ghost being real or not comes back later on in Act 3, but for now he is real. The next appearance occurs with Marcellus and Horatio again, but Hamlet witnesses it for the first time also. The ghost would not speak here either, but it signals to Hamlet. Hamlet notices it looks exactly like his father King Hamlet did so he starts to follow him. This is basically the beginning of where all of Hamlet’s problems start. Hamlet refuses to listen to Horatio and Marcellus by continuing to follow the ghost. HamletShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet And The Ghost Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written over 400 hundred years ago, Hamlet remains a puzzling and complex play, partially due to the ambiguous Queen Gertrude. The Queen is a puzzling character as her motives are unclear and readers question her intentions throughout the play. Townsend and Pace in The Many Faces Of Gertrude: Opening And Closing Possibilities In Classroom Talk view her â€Å"as a simple-minded, shallow woman...who has no self beyond a sexual one† while Harm onie Loberg in Queen Gertrude: Monarch, Mother, MurdererRead MoreThe Ghost Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 2253 Words   |  10 Pagesjoin Bernardo. The guards talk about the strange ghost that they have seen for the past two nights around the same time. They claim that it is the ghost of the recently deceased King Hamlet. Horatio, who is skeptical, has been brought along to try to communicate with the ghost if it shows up. The ghost does appear, and it looks exactly like King Hamlet; interestingly, he is in full armor and suited for battle. Horatio tries to speak to it, but the ghost does not reply and then disappears. HoratioRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, orRead MoreEssay on Hamlet Metaphor1089 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept in a literary work. This is the case in William Shakespeares Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespeares play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphors thatRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of Revenge1162 Words   |  5 PagesTheme of Revenge in Hamlet    In Shakespeares tragedy,  Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closelyRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. The ghost reveals to Hamlet that its murderer was his brother Claudius, who then rapidly wedded his widowed queen, Gertrude. As a result, the ghost presses Hamlet to seek vengeanceRead More hamlet metaphor Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary work. This is the case in William Shakespearequot;quot;s Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespearequot;quot;s play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead g ardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphorsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreHamlet s Rational Mind : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1071 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish IV, 4th January 28, 2016 Hamlet’s Rational Mind In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, there are many conflicts present that can be applied to modern time. Hamlet, as the protagonist, displays many difficult aspects that haunt mankind to this day. Hamlet is a dynamic character. He believes that he is the smartest person in the room, which most of the time he is. He comes up with conniving schemes to get his revenge. Although Hamlet believes in his brilliant plan to feign madness, it causes soRead More Comparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth 921 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Therefore, the supernatural is a recurring theme in many of Shakespeares plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and an augmentation of the impact of many key scenes. The

Bristol-Myers Squibb Vrio Analysis Essay - 773 Words

VRIO Analysis Bristol-Myers Squibb and other pharmaceutical companies have very limited space for the development of competitive advantage. This is due to the limitations set in patents available for new pharmaceuticals. Most chemicals in pharmaceutical products have an equivalently functional substitute making it possible to have multiple products on the market that have identical uses and outcomes. This being the case, pharmaceutical companies can’t rely on one particular product to provide competitive advantage. Resources and Competencies | Value | Rarity | Imitability | Organized | Competitive Advantage? | R D | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Sustained | Brand Name | Yes | No | No | No | Parity | Product Diversification |†¦show more content†¦Since Bristol-Myers Squibb’s is organized in this way, it has been able to keep the pace very well making it one of the largest research-based pharmaceutical company in the world. Brand Name Bristol-Myers Squibb’s gains competitive parity from its brand name in that it has a good reputation for creating products that work well and are safe. This provides value to the customer because they know that the product was heavily researched before it was marketed to the general public. However, this is not rare among firms in this industry as all new products must be cleared by the Food and Drug Administration before it can be marketed which gives consumers a certain amount of security when choosing a product regardless of who produced it. This also means that it is somewhat easy to imitate. Once you get past the start-up costs, if you produce a product that is not already patented and is approved by the FDA, your product is just as good as the competitors. The reason for the lack of rarity and ease of imitability of the brand name is that, like other pharmaceutical companies, Bristol-Myers Squibb does not push the brand name but rather the name they have assigned to their product. The company’s name does not appear in any of its product’s advertisements. This being the case they must diversify their product line. Product Diversity Since researching new pharmaceutical products takes a great deal of time, the only way to keep the

The Do This, Get That Guide On Top Argumentative Essay Topics

The Do This, Get That Guide On Top Argumentative Essay Topics The Unexposed Secret of Top Argumentative Essay Topics A good conclusion will summarize all data that has happened in the write-up and use it in order to give one final reason why you ought to join our side. You will then have to approach this issue by gathering, generating, and evaluating credible sources to back up your evidence. When the topic was decided, it's essential to come up with an argument surrounding the exact same. A debatable topic is one which has differing viewpoints. What's more, you have to explain why it's so important. The topic you select plays a critical role, and you ought to think again before you make a last choice. Choosing Good Top Argumentative Essay Topics Even when you're writing an informative essay, it's still true that you have the job of attempting to convince your audience that the info is critical. Questions are a standard direction of getting interest, and evocative languag e or a strong statistic Don't assume your audience is already knowledgeable about your topic. With our help, you're bound to be successful. It's completely understandable to look for help whenever you don't have sufficient time or skills. Most Noticeable Top Argumentative Essay Topics It is an impossible task to produce the powerful, persuasive paper or speech without understanding how to compose an excellent argumentative essay. A fantastic argumentative essay ought to have a particular statement that's arguing. If when you are preparing a report you merely analyze specific literature, the essay demands an excellent penetration into the issue. When asking us how to begin an argumentative essay, many students forget that they have to begin with an outline. The Truth About Top Argumentative Essay Topics Argumentative essays are very typical in academic writing and are frequently a significant part writing in all disciplines. Essay writing per se is no simple undertaking to do. It is possible to also see Writing Template. By now you're probably prepared to find a fantastic argumentative essay outline template. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. You need to have the strong personal opinion on this issue you intend to discuss in your argumentative essay. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. The Topic When it regards an argumentative essay, the very first thing that you should decide on is the topic. The Do's and Don'ts of Top Argumentative Essay Topics When you are requested to choose a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. Many people have a tendency to compose weak arguments due to the fact that they don't know how to compose a compelling argument. You should develop a superior argument, which encompasses not just your primary point, but also all the pieces which make this up. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument doesn't have to be formal. The Fundamentals of Top Argumentative Essay Topics You Will be Able to Learn From Starting Right Away Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. In order to give an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is advisable to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. Argument essays can be organized in an assortment of means. The conventional five-paragraph essay is normal in writing argumentative essays, but it's only one method to write one. The very best idea is to pick essay topics that truly matter to you. Whether you cannot decide on topics for argumentative essay, don't find out how to begin, or simply require a good example of a well-structured paper in a particular format, we're always prepared to help! Argumentative essay format is dependent on your professor's requirements, since there isn't any typical pattern for each and every essay. The New Angle On Top Argumentative Essay Topics Just Released Even in the event that you don't like to argue with the points of different men and women, it's still true that you has to be prepared to compose an argumentative essay at any moment! The topic chosen for the purpose should be attractive in the view of many readers. If you wish to learn what an argumentative essay is, the very first thing you ought to remember is that its primary purpose is to convince the audience to accept your standpoint. The primary reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to try to persuade or sway another individual or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Top Argumentative Essay Topics Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tough to discover. Then take a look at a list of argumentative essay suggestions to help you begin. You may have a look at the extra details on the best way to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. A researchable topic is one where the writer can discover a wide range of credible and current sources. No matter the quantity or variety of research involved, argumentative essays must set a very clear thesis and follow sound reasoning. You might also want to incorporate a brief discussion of more research that ought to be completed in light of your work. The shortage of very good support sources will end in a decrease grade. Along with a good structure, you'll want an argument, a strong thesis, an d strong research. The 30-Second Trick for Top Argumentative Essay Topics Besides, do not forget that the secret to a prosperous argumentative essay is in finding suitable evidence to back up your opinion. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. At some stage, you're likely to be requested to compose an argumentative essay. A very good argumentative essay is going to be based on established or new research instead of only on your ideas and feelings. The Ultimate Top Argumentative Essay Topics Trick An argumentative essay is a writing piece intended to persuade a person to believe the way that you do. It is impossible to watch videos, listen to music, and a lot more. The reader needs to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. Contrary to other types of essays, you're attempting to convince your reader of something. 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Conflict and Negotiation Organization

Question: Discuss about the Conflict and Negotiation Organization. Answer: Introduction Conflict and negotiation are elements that are inevitable among partners, employees and the general public in every part of the business operations (Amatruda, 2006). They bring about change in the organization as different ideas and opinions of individuals are considered and appropriate decisions made to the structure of the firm. In conflict resolution, negotiation is crucial. Winning negotiations results to new ideas being developed thus stimulating creativity and innovation (Amatruda, 2006). It also leads to loyalty and efficient. Unsolved conflicts lead to resource wastage, an adverse climate in the enterprise and break down group cohesion. Before resolving a conflict using the negotiation, consideration of various factors is important such as; the willingness of the parties to participate, the unpredictability of the possible outcomes and the means of influence by the negotiator (Brinson, Jeffrey Fisher, 2009). Definitions of terms Conflict refers to the disagreement or opposition between individuals or the groups that exist within a given organization set up (Black, 2010). It may result in either negative outcomes or positive possibilities. Conflicts always arise when people have differing goals and objectives, beliefs, ideas or theories about the operations of the enterprise (David, Ronald, 2006, p. 359-390). For example, when the workers in the firm are advocating for a higher pay and the management fails to meet their needs, conflict emerges. There are various types of conflict, namely: the intrapersonal, interpersonal, intra-group, intergroup and inter-organizational conflicts. The intrapersonal conflict involves the internal argument within an individual's mind on different thoughts, emotions and values (David, Ronald, 2006, p. 359-390). Apparently, conflict may come up when one is choosing a career path, or making simple decisions such as whether to go for lunch or not. Also, when the role and responsibilities of a person differ with his community values and customs, opposition emerges. Interpersonal conflict refers to the disagreement between an individual with the co-workers or with the management and business owners (Sinaceur Tiedens, 2006). The varied personalities result in differing choices and opinions among employees. It is important that they resolve it as it eventually leads to personal growth and enhances the relationship with others. Intra-group conflict emerges within a team when there are incompatibilities and misunderstandings between the members of the group. It is due to the tension that arises from the different personalities, views and ideas when making decisions on the business activities (Shelton Darling, 2011). Intergroup conflict occurs among the various teams within an organization. For exa mple, the set goals for a sales department may differ from those of a customer relation department. Competition for resources between agencies also results in intergroup conflict. Besides, negotiation is a technique that involves discussion among individuals to get the acceptable solution to a particular conflict (Black, 2010). It is a process that aims at reaching an alternative that benefits all. The various steps considered in the negotiation process are the preparation and planning. Secondly, the definition of ground rules for the conflict, followed by the clarification and justification of the problem and decisions made. The bargaining and problem-solving steps follow and finally, the closure and implementation of the effective solution (Brinson, Jeffrey Fisher, 2009). Theories and models of conflict and negotiation The common theories include individual differences, Motivational approach, Cognitive approach, Cooperative model, Principled Negotiation Human Needs Model by John Burton (David Ariel, 2008). Individual differences approach involves personal characteristics of the negotiator and the parties in a disagreement. The theory argues that all persons should put aside their beliefs, cultures customs and norms and focus on achieving a solution to their conflict (David Ariel, 2008). Motivational approach refers to the aspirations and goals of an individual that influence the conflict resolution process. The resulting outcomes always depend on what motivated the negotiator and the parties to resolve the disagreements (Joppa, et al. 2009). In addition, Cognitive approach asserts that the negotiator should have the ability to scrutinize events outlined in the negotiation plan and come up with actions that can aid in making appropriate judgments (Zafonte and Paul, 2008). Also, the cooperative mod el which was developed by Morton Deutsch where he argued that the nature of the dispute and the goals of the disputing parties should be evaluated in the negotiation process. Cooperative sharing of ideas brings an environment of trust, and as a result, an appropriate solution can be determined (Cambridge, 2009). Principled Negotiation is a model that was founded by Roger Fisher and William Ury. He advocated that the following four principles enhance the conflict resolution process. They include separating the problem from the parties. Then focus on the each person's interests and create various options for the solution and finally ensure that the agreement bases on the organizational objectives. Human Needs Model by John Burton focuses on the identification of the needs of an individual that causes conflict to enhance their accommodation in the negotiation process (Raiffa, 2007). However, the above theories and models have failed to explain the conditions that may affect conflict resolution success or failure. The theorists focus only on the processes of coming up with an alternative solution for the conflict (Dincyurek Civelek, 2008). Therefore factors such as the significant psychological obstacles, the sense of urgency, the authority to decide, willingness to compromise external factors favorable to settlement and the resources required for the process should be evaluated in detail. Also, the identification of a solution to the challenges that reduce the effectiveness of the resolution such as lack of time to convince others and parties who are not ready to accommodate the interests of the different group is equally essential. It is a tool used to help individuals understand themselves and also their relationships with others in an organization (Dincyurek Civelek, 2008, p. 3-4). In the Johari Window, people establish a list from which they select adjectives that describe their personalities. The four quadrants of the window include the open or arena that consists of traits that the individual player and the peers know (O'Hara Erin, 2009). The hidden or faade includes adjectives selected by the person but are not recognized by the peers. The blind spot that represents data known by the peers but the subject is not aware of them. Lastly is the unknown which involve behaviors that no one understands them. From the window, it is apparent that we have different personalities that we know or we are not aware of that can result in conflicts in the organization. Thomas Khilman Conflict Questionnaire (TKI) This tool has thirty pairs of statements. The framing of the questions is in a way that respondents chose between alternative A and B and then use to evaluate an individual's behavior in conflicting occasions. A persons behavior and attitude towards others are described basing on assertiveness and cooperativeness. The five conflict modes used are, avoiding, accommodating, competing, collaborating and compromising (Cambridge, 2009). As discussed in the theories these five modes are used to identify the nature of the conflict. In this tool, five factors are used to describe the human personality. They include the openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The test gives a person more insight into how they react to different situations (Tschannen, 2009). ESCI The individuals' behavior is measured on a 360 degrees view to create a competitive advantage in the firms. It aids innovation and teamwork since the ESCI differentiates average performers from the outstanding ones. The ESCI Competency Scale lists various traits and abilities of a person such as emotional self-awareness and self-control, adaptability, achievement orientation and conflict management (Jackson, 2009). The above four tools help in identifying personal strengths such as self-awareness and improved communications. Also, the tools aid in the realization of what one posses and sensing others interests and perspectives. The weaknesses identified include: The inability to venture into group dynamics, the fear of sharing ideas and opinions with co-workers and failure of determining a groups emotional currents and the power relationships. Lastly, failure of self-disclosure and observing how others perceive our behaviors is another weakness (Seeley, et al. 2007). Areas of improvement From the knowledge I have gained concerning conflict and negotiation, the following key areas need to be improved. First involves avoiding negative responses to peoples opinions. Secondly stop placing blames and takes ownership of the problem that arises (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2009). These are essentials skills that will help in managing conflicts with colleagues. Below is a personal development prepared regarding conflicts and resolution. Personal development plan Strengths The ability to manage time effectively, flexible with lesson schedules and am excellent in ensuring that my performance improves after every year. I am also strong when it comes to identifying risks and foreseeing problems before they arise. Weaknesses Being a leader and manager has many challenges, and therefore, it is important to identify various weaknesses that are portrayed by a person. First, is balancing between institutional and family life. Lack of the skills of substitution of tasks given to the individual interests is my other weakness. Also, I am weak at developing a practical problem-solving approach to ensure collaboration among team members. Part 2- Goals setting Focus on conflict and resolution to get a deeper analysis and understanding of it Learn to remain calm and reason first before handling any sort of conflicts. Use meetings to enable me to gain self-confidence and ability to share ideas Engage with a broad range of people to enhance my communications. Be able to develop my emotional intelligence Involvement in public speaking workshops Part 3 Personal/ interpersonal skills My personal skills include self-confidence and the assertiveness in handling daily challenges. Pa rt-4 Personal Objectives To ensure I establish good relationship with colleagues to foster a sharing environment. To always stay flexible and optimistic to every situation and always respond to conflicting situations with confidence. Analyzing situations before establishing a course of action to take in a conflict situation. Being the first to enhance communication among parties to bring unity to conflicting individuals as this will assist to repair the damaged emotions resulted by conflicts. Creating solutions through brainstorming with ideas to generate needful ideas. Recommendations Establishment of effective communication skills that help in understanding others ideas and opinions. Ensure that there are better working relationships among people in the organization Support negotiation training in dispute resolutions. Encourage individuals always to identify their areas of improvement for the career development. Conclusion In conclusion, active conflict negotiation in the firm results in improved solutions and strengthened relationships. Understanding of the diagnostic tools promotes interpersonal skills among individuals and as a result better performance of the operations in a company. All people have to develop self-development plans that will aid in the achievement of the set goals and objectives. However, before thinking about ways of conflict resolution, it is important to establish strategies that can help overcome the causes and sources of conflicts. References Amatruda, J.W. (2006.) Conflict Resolution and Social Skill Development with Children Mary: Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama Sociometry, Vol. 58, No. 4, Brinson, J. A., Jeffrey, A Fisher, T. (2009). Cross-Cultural Conflict Resolution in the Schools: Some Practical Intervention Strategies for Counselors. A Journal of Counseling and Development, JCD, Vol. 82, No. 3, Black, K. (2010). Adolescence: Fall 2010 Gender Differences in Adolescents' Behavior during Conflict Resolution Tasks with Best Friends, Vol. 35, No. 139 Cambridge, (2009).CDA Collaborative Learning Projects: Reflecting on Peace Practice Participant, Training Manual, Online edition. Retrieved on 25th January, 2017, from: https: Cloke, K. and Goldsmith, J., (2009). Resolving Conflicts at Work: A Complete Guide for Everyone on the Job. San Francisco David, B. Ariel C., (2008) Toward a Strategic Theory of Workplace Conflict Management, Ohio St. J. Disp. Resolution, 24(1), 143-190. David, B Ronald L. S. (2006) Managing Organizational Conflicts, in the Sage Handbook of Conflict Communication: Integrating Theory. Research, and Practice: Sage Publications, 359-390. Dincyurek, S. Civelek, A. H. (2008). Summer-Fall 2008: The Determination of the Conflict Resolution Strategies of University Students That They Use When They Have Conflicts with People The Behavior Analyst Today, Vol. 9, p. 3-4, Jackson, P. (2009). The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiations: a motivated information processing approach. Soc. Psychol. Joppa and Eleonora, N. (2009). Aiding Violence or Peace? The impact of foreign aid on the risk ofcivil conflict in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics 88: 301313. O'Hara Erin, A. (2009). Spring 2009 Group-Conflict Resolution: Sources of Resistance to Reconciliation Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 72, No. 2, Raiffa, H. (2007). Negotiation Analysis: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge London, UK. Sinaceur, M. Tiedens, L.Z. (2006). Get mad and get more than even: when and why anger expression is effective in negotiations. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. Seeley, E., Gardner W Thompson, L. (2007). The role of the self-concept and social context in determining the behavior of power-holders: self-construal in intergroup vs. dyadic dispute resolution negotiations. Shelton, C. D Darling, J. R. (2011). From Chaos to Order: Exploring New Frontiers in Conflict Management Organization Development Journal. Tschannen, M. (2009). Spring 2009: The Effects of a State-Wide Conflict Management Initiative in Schools American Secondary Education, Vol. 29, No. 3, Zafonte, M. and Paul, A. S. (2008). "Shared beliefs and imposed interdependencies as determinants of ally networks in overlapping subsystems." Journal of Theoretical Politics.

Anesthesiology And Nursing Essays - Anesthesia, Nurse Anesthetist

Anesthesiology And Nursing Who would have thought that a small carbon based organic compound such as ether would spawn a new field of medical specializations, changing the history of medicine for ever. Ether was discovered in 1275 by a Spanish chemist named Raymundus Lullius,(Evans,1995,p 1). It was his discovery that allowed William E. Clark to use ether as an anesthetic for the first time in 1842. He administered the ether on a dental patient for Elijah Pope as he performed a dental extraction on Miss Hobbie,(Evans,1995.p 1). This was the first step in the creation of the field of anesthesia. This new technology was quickly put to use to relieve pain in all areas of medicine, and its use was seen in hospital operating rooms, dentists' offices and battle fields. This new practice in medicine was primarily taken on by the physicians of that time. This new method added to a doctors routine of operating on patients, this proved to be to taxing on the doctor as well as their patients. The added burden of administering the anesthetics along with doing the operation and resuscitation of the patient safely was too much for the doctors. This fact was proven by the increase in mortality rates of patients put under by doctors who administered their own anesthetic. The increasing mortality rates forced the medical proffesion to demanded a change in how anesthesia was given. It was thought that the person administering the anesthetic should do that and only that during an operation. This would free up the physicians so that they could concentrate on the operation at hand. The remaining question was, who do we get to administer the anesthesia? This person would have already be trained in some aspect of the medical field and demonstrate good critical thought and good cognitive reasoning. The doctors only needed to look up from the operating table and to their assistants in health care CRNA 3 to get their answer, it was the nurse. From that moment on the first specialization in clinical nursing was born and those in that specialty were named nurse anesthetists,(Thatcher,1952,p11). The earliest documentation of anesthetic care given to a patient by a nurse was the work done by Sister Mary Bernard in 1887. She was a catholic nun who worked at the St. Vincent hospital in Erie Pennsylvania,(Thatcher,1952,p 12). The nurse anesthetists of that time were trained by physicians at first, but as time went on the nurses took a more active role in the study and research of anesthetics and eventually surpassed their teachers in the field of anesthesiology. This advance led to role reversal, where the teacher became the student and the student became the teacher. By 1909 the first formal educational program designed for nurse anesthetists was started at St. Vincents Hospital in Portland Oregon,(Evans,1995,p 3). Upon graduation from the school, the nurse anesthetists were placed in all sorts of settings. Most impressive were the teaching positions held by nurses in the medical schools of that time. They became the primary instructors of anesthetic to medical students. The nurse anesthetist also held positions in the battlefields. During World War One, the American nurse anesthetist was the primary health giver to troops in the European theaters of combat. While at war the American nurses influenced other foreign nurses and that led to the spread of nurse anesthetists throughout the world. With the wars came a sharp increase in the demand of anesthetists, and this in turn increased the number of institutions needed for training and broadened the criteria for educating the nurses. By the end of war it was evident that the nurse anesthetist was an invaluable profession that had established itself as one of the most important of all in medicine. With all of this growth and evolution it became necessary that the profession of nurse anesthetists needed to have some structure and governance. On June 17, 1931 the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists CRNA 4 (AANA), wasformed and held its first meeting. From that point on the nurse anesthetist had a new name, they were also known as Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, (CRNA). Up until World War Two, anesthesia was considered a nursing specialty. This fact was credited in 1942 when the ratio of CRNA's to anesthesiologists(M.D.) was seventeen to one. Those statistics stayed relatively the same until the sixties,(Evans,1995,p 3). The construction of criteria and guidelines for CRNA programs has been the responsibility of the AANA and government organizations. Together they also created the criteria that was necessary for schools to follow to keep their accreditation

Societal Marketing Strategies

Societal Marketing Strategies Free Online Research Papers Societal marketing concept focuses to balancing three ways that is consumer’s wants, society’s interest and company profit. When organisation setting their marketing strategies. It should determine the needs, wants, interest of target market and bring value to customer to maintain and improve the consumer’s long term interest and to satisfy customer needs. At the same time, organisation also should take into account the society’s well being such as participant or sponsor project of charities and environmental protection. Apart from that, company profit also should be considered when making marketing decisions. Example1. DiGi DiGi is a leading mobile communications company, it providing a wide range of affordable, convenient and easy to use wireless services to simplify and enrich the lives of its customers. DiGi create value for their customers by selecting the most appropriate cutting edge technology so that they benefit from products and services that give them choice, convenience and control. Under this excellent operates, DiGi’s revenue has more than RM4.9 billion in the last five years. Throughout the years, DiGi has recognized that they are part of the community, so they have the responsibility to make better the lives of those around them and share alike the concerns and cares of the community. DiGi take part in many of the projects associated with charities, such as in particularly projects aim to educate young Malaysians on the impact of climate change, and on energy efficiency and waste management. Apart from that, DiGi also support for specific medical issues that place vulnerable groups in our community. In 2007, during a renovation project, DiGi donated more than over 200 units of used furniture items from our office to the local community. In addition, DiGi donated more than 230 used laptops to the local schools and charity homes in our local community in Selangor and Sabah. Moreover, since 2008, DiGi continued with organizing a DSpring campaign across these offices in Malaysia. The purpose of this campaign is instilling the importance of environmental protection to DiGi’s employee. Example 2. The Body Shop The Body Shop is a cosmetics company that being more than 30 years in over 55 countries. The Body Shop aims in using natural ingredients to produce high quality of products to satisfy consumer’s needs. Apart from that, customer will receive different grades of gift from employees when purchase product for about hundred ringgit and above. Therefore, customer will attract by the attractive gifts and willing to purchase much more goods. The Body Shop is not only focus on selling products, they are also concerned with human welfare, Support Community Trade is them commitment to trading fairly and responsibly with suppliers. They actively seek out small-scale farmers, traditional craftspeople, and even rural cooperatives to using them highly skilled experts at their work, at the same time to help them improve standard of living. Moreover, The Body Shop created a global campaign that calls â€Å"Stop Violence in the Home† and it’s operates in 56 countries around the world (included Malaysia) to inspire customers and employees to get active against domestic violence. This campaign aims to raise awareness of the issue and collects funds to help those affected. In addition, The Body Shop’s policy is Reduce. Reuse. Recycle. It avoids excess packaging whenever possible. In fact, were currently introducing bottles made from 100% post consumer recycled plastics. Whether seeking out renewable resources, sustainable raw ingredients, or finding better ways of protecting the rainforests, Example 3. Panasonic Malaysia Sdn Bhd Panasonic Malaysia Sdn Bhd is another company that implement the societal marketing concept. The organisation realized that global warming is a serious issue in now. Therefore, Panasonic uses their inverter technology to produce products which can be greatly reduced the total consumption of energy and the cost of electronic charges that consumer need to pays. Inverter technology can be used for various electronic devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners and microwaves. Moreover, Panasonic aims to step up its social contribution activities. They are now conducting ocean preservation activities, and they especially try to protect coral, which faces difficulties to survive, adding that Panasonic sends a team once a year to the coast of Terengganu to clean the ocean and build artificial reefs to encourage the growth of coral. In addition, Panasonic are also conducting learning sessions with local primary schools on how important the ocean is for us, and how we can protect it. Panasonic is working closely with Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and the Marine Parks of Malaysia on these initiatives. Research Papers on Societal Marketing StrategiesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanHip-Hop is ArtBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemGenetic Engineering

Integrating Environmental Factors into Life Cycle Costing Research Paper

Integrating Environmental Factors into Life Cycle Costing - Research Paper Example This paper aims to discuss one of the recommended strategies to quantify the impact a product has on the environment, and this is life cycle costing or LCC. It provides an introduction on the concept of LCC. It describes various approaches to LCC and how these approaches contribute to getting an understanding on how a certain product affects the environment. Lastly, it includes several recommended improvements on life cycle methods. The life cycle cost of a certain asset is defined as the â€Å"total cost throughout the life† of the asset, including the cost to plan, to design or to acquire (New South Wales Treasury, 2004), to operate, to maintain, to convert and/or to decommission an asset, particularly a fixed asset (Barringer, 2003). LCC techniques are used for various purposes, from the acquisition of the asset to deciding when to retire the aging asset (p. 30, Dhillon, 1989). LCC is used across several disciplines such as accounting, finance, engineering and statistics (p. 35, Dhillon, 1989). It offers a lot of advantages for the entity that applies this concept. It enables the entity to choose â€Å"the most beneficial procurement strategy†, offers incentives to suppliers and establish long – term mutual beneficial relationships with them, choosing the optimal solutions for the entity, formulating effective (and realistic) budgets and, generally, effectively controlling the project and/or the acquisition of the assets (p. 30, Dhillon, 1989). Although the LCC is a methodology to gather the costs for further analysis and monitoring, it is inevitable that LCC will also be looked at as a possible means to solve the environmental issues faced by the world today. According to Hunkeler and Rebitzer (as quoted by Guidice, La Rosa and Risitano, 2006), LCC can play an active and important role in addressing environmental issues and concerns as â€Å"it acts as a primary link between environmental demands and the production

Stressors and Stress Management Mechanism Among First Year Principals Essay

Stressors and Stress Management Mechanism Among First Year Principals - Essay Example Therefore, they need to be adequately prepared intellectually, physically, and psychologically for these tasks. When principals are mandated to run a new school, these challenges are exemplified by the fact that they are still new to the work environment. Meeting all the above obligation in a new school is indeed challenging particularly in the first year when they have not adapted to the new work environment. Assisting them adapt swiftly and smoothly into the new school environment will greatly reduce the stress levels and therefore enable them expedite their duties as principals in an efficient and effective way. Once they have a good start, then it becomes possible to run the institutions effectively and efficiently thereby meeting the rising demands of higher academic standards. This research will therefore investigate the following: First year principals face many challenges due to the demands of a new institutional environment. The transition period to the new work environment predisposes the principals to new and unique set of stressors such as high levels of expectation on performance, new set of institutional values and traditions, uncooperative teachers, dealing with failed school performance especially when transfer was made to resuscitate the school, among others. Lack of adequate preparedness, support and empowerment causes stress and in extreme cases, burnout. No matter the cause of transition from one school to another, challenges are always present. This calls for an investigation into the problem of transition of principal ship with the aim of coming up with a new set of more efficient coping mechanisms. Being new in a school set up presents a set of stressors that are otherwise not present when the principals have worked on the school for quite some time. The new work environment has different cultural, economic, social, and

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Business - Assignment Example The failure of Virgin Express was due to a lack of environmental study of the country and the competition. Richard Branson subsequently desired to repeat the success of Virgin Blue in the United States by the new venture Virgin USA. This will be possible by taking a corrective strategic management and marketing analysis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the factors on which the success of the aviation industry depends upon when starting a new venture in a different location. The study reveals the importance of research, strategic management and environmental analysis for the success of Virgin Airlines. Introduction Virgin Blue airline under the guidance of Sir Richard Branson was launched in the year 2000. The motive of the airline was to provide a low fare carrier to the people of Australia. The Virgin Blue airline demonstrated the success story in the airline industry in the short run. Virgin Blue occupied nearly 30% of the market share of Australia through its low price s trategy. In this case study, the success and the failure of the Virgin brand is depicted. The case reflects that Branson did not get success in the low cost airlines in the initial years. The airlines before Virgin Blue and Virgin Express did not succeed in the European market and was unable to compete with its rival Ryanair and Easyjet. The company was in the exploratory process to merge with the SN Brussels to recover its status, but failed after the 9/11 attack. Furthermore, the venture by Branson to provide air liner facility to the tour operator in the name of Virgin Sun failed to succeed. The Virgin Sun airline was sold to the Firstchoice because of its failure in the market (Daas, 2004). Cynics one of the observant analysed that the success of Virgin Blue was because of the lack of competition in the Australian market. The downfall of the other airline created a scope for the Virgin Blue and gave it an easy entry. According to Branson, the success of Virgin Blue was because o f the strong management, strategy and the financial planning by the management. The objective of the case is to analyse the failure of the Virgin Express in the European market. It is important to analyse the local market before the implementation of the airline expansion strategy in a new country or region. The reason for the mergers by Virgin Express and the success of Virgin Blue are evaluated in the case. Question 1 The Virgin Express started its operations in the year 1996. The airline was formed by Virgin Group when it bought the Euro Belgian Airlines and renamed it as Virgin Express. The aim of the airline was to produce a low cost carrier for the people of Europe. The company had to face severe competition from the rival airlines such as Ryanair and Easyjet. These two airlines were well established in the European market because of their strategic and marketing implementations. The airlines offered a very cheap rate foe the tickets. The tickets were sold at lower prices to t he people on the basis of first come first serve. This strategy encouraged people to buy the tickets much earlier. This created the demand for the airline of Ryanair and Easyjet. Moreover, the flexibility provided in the pricing strategy was attracting more customers. These strategies made the airlines to flourish and on the other hand the new airline Virgin Express was unable to meet these requirements in the European market and hence failed. The airline was then sold to SN Brussels Airlines in the year 2006

A Decade Of Conflicts And Child Soldiers Sociology Essay

A Decade Of Conflicts And Child Soldiers Sociology Essay In the past decade due to deadly conflict around the world, children were more and more sacrificed as child soldiers. For the children the world is now more violent and violated place. In the last decade, 2 million children were killed due to conflicts. More than 12 million children were made homeless, while 6 million children have been injured or disabled. It is approximate that another 20 million children have been displaced within the boarders of their own countries. At any given time, children under the age of 18 years who have been forced or encouraged to take up arms as child soldiers is generally in the range of 300,000. Each year 8,000 to 10,000 children become the victims of land mines.  [1]   2. Child soldiers have featured prominently in international and internal conflict in recent years. In one of the most deadly conflicts, children feature most prominently in the terrorist campaign of Sri Lanka Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). They were fighting for an independence separate Tamil mono-ethnic state in north eastern Sri Lanka. They utilized both male and female fighters in guerrilla and terrorist attacks against military, political, economic, religious and cultural targets. 3. After the ethnic riots of Black July in 1983, there was a massive migration of civilian to India. The LTTE leadership decided to establish a training base in India for recruits less than 16 years of age from the civilian who fled to India. Initially the LTTE identified them (child soldiers) as Tiger Cubs. Then they received non-military training, most primary education and physical exercises. In 1984, LTTE changed the name of Tiger Cubs and formed new unit called Baby Brigade . It is nothing but the child soldier unit of LTTE fighting wing. 4. The child fighters were originally a part of the Baby Brigade but later LTTE gradually integrated them with other units to refill the heavy losses. Since April 1995, some 60 percent of LTTE cadres killed in combat were children. Olivichu, the LTTE monthly video release, supports those trends. A study by a United Kingdom based Sri Lankan researcher Dushy Ranatunge reveals that at least 60 percent of the dead LTTE fighters were under 18 years and are mostly girls and boys age in between 10 to 16.  [2]   5. At the time of researching on this topic, the government of Sri Lanka totally sweep away the LTTE. But there are no of war effected children and child soldiers are in IDP camps and rehabilitation centres . CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY PREVIEW 1. The aim of this presenting on rehabilitation of child soldiers to help integrate them in to society is to study the factors behind child soldiering, why they became as chilled combatant, the role of international community and the role of Government of Sri Lanka on this and how integrate them back to society. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2. Most of the countries in the world face this problem due to internal conflicts. When it is studying there are so many reasons behind that. Due to non education and poor family back ground may cause child to joint with some terrorist organization as a chilled combatant. In Sri Lanka resent past LTTE has taken children by force for their terrorist activities. 3. In Sri Lanka though war is over there are number of chilled soldiers in IDP camps. Children make obedient and cheep soldiers capability of imposing terror on civilians and government forces. Child soldiers are forced to fight and are generally illiterate and from poor families. The children survive from combat are often physically injured and psychologically scared. Some of the factors covered as follows. a Who is the child soldier b Reasons behind child to became as soldiers c Child combatant is a biggest problem in the world d It is observed that most of the Asian countries face this problem e In Sri Lanka it is considerable numbers of child soldiers can be seen in the IDP camps f UNO and NGOs role in this issue g How to take them in to society as a normal children. I will society take them in to society as a children. J What are the steps that can be take to rehabilitate them. K Sri Lanka governments role on this issue. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 4. Due to the war children suffered physically and mentally. As a nation we should take them in to the society same as other children. So that we should establish good environment for them and Sri Lankan government should have a sound national plan for that METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 5. The methodology adopted in gathering data will be as follows: Extracts from child psychology publications. Extracts from newspapers and reports. Extracts from books published on child soldiering. Interviews and questionnaires. Related web sites of the Internet. Guidance and advice of experts on the subject. CHAPTER3 THE CHILDHOOD DEFINITION OF CHILD 1. According to the 1989, UN CRC, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years, unless under the law applicable in their case, the age of maturity is attained earlier. The age of maturity is a social, religious and cultural or legal device by which societies acknowledge the transition to adulthood and there is no necessary correlation between any of the age levels.  [3]   2. The idea of the child as a person under 18 years of age is widely accepted in international circles, even if a different terminology such as youth or young people may be a better ward to describe those in the crucial 15-18 age bracket whose physical, emotional and intellectual maturity is rapidly developing even as they continue to face certain legal constraints. Clearly, those under 18, no matter their individual capacities, are generally presumed not to appreciate fully the nature and consequences of their action. CHILD HOOD, A POTENTIAL TARGET 3. Although the Convention defined as a child in general as anyone below the age of 18 years, most young combatants are between 15 and 18. A majority of these trained child soldiers were boys, but significant numbers of girls are also engaged. 4. Though child rights activists are campaigning at international, national and local level to rise the age to 18, there is no international organization or mechanism to regulate against guerrilla and terrorist organizations recruiting children to their organizations. BASIC NEEDS OF CHILDREN 5. Their basic human needs of survival and growth to their full potential are largely, if not wholly, dependent for fulfilment, especially in their early years on the willingness and ability of adults to recognize and discharge their obligation to protect them. THE CONVENTION ON RIGHTS OF CHILDREN 6. Today children around the world suffer abuses in many ways. Child soldiering is one such situation. Children were kidnapped or forcibly recruited to many militant organizations to serve as soldiers. They were ill-treated when they were with militant groups. Once they surrender or captured by government forces they were imprisoned in inhuman conditions. Sometimes they were put in cells with adults without considering their rights as children. The Convention on the Right of the Child put childrens rights on the worlds agenda. It is the most widely confirm treaty in the world. Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 20, 1989, the Convention promises children around the world the right to life, liberty, education, and health care. 7. The Convention on the Rights of the child emphasized the importance of a happy childhood and it had been described the Rights of the Child very clearly and most comprehensively in its 54 articles guaranteeing for the first time social and economic as well civil and political rights adding new rights never before recognized. It is said that granting a Child the Right to information and freedom of expression would amount to allowing him/her as well, to decide on the life and organization of the family and society. CHAPTER 4 CHILD SOLDIERS DEFINITION OF CHILD SOLDIER 1. A child soldier is any person under 18 years of age who is a part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to cooks, porters, messengers and anyone accompanying such groups other than family members.  [4]   REASONS FOR CHILD TO BECOME A CHILD SOLDIER 2. There is a very thin line that separates voluntary from forced recruitment. It is not possible to know exactly at what age a young person is capable of volunteering in the way we accept that of an adult. No one makes a decision in a vacuum and clearly a child can be susceptible to certain types of pressure from certain people and circumstances beyond their control. 3. Although forced recruitment of children is practiced in many countries (Burma, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Angola, Sri Lanka and Sudan), a majority of them are not so much forced. 4. Examining different contexts and taking into account the specific experiences of children will help us to draw a clearer picture of the child soldier in a given conflict. Forced recruitment of children happens because of shortages of adult soldiers, institutionalised discrimination against certain sectors of society, a perceived need to control the population. 5. There are many young people voluntarily join armed groups. In attempting to explain why children join armed groups. We can try to examine the followings:  [5]   a. Trigger factors. These are immediate happening of events, situations or exact reasons that cause a childs participation such as urgent or emergency individual needs or family problems and suggestions and pressure from peers and adults. Their social environment influences childrens subjective understanding of reality and these exert strong pressure on the children. b. Circumstantial factors. These are the complex order of situations or influences existing, occurring in and resulting from the childs significant interactions and relations providing context and history to their involvement and development. It could be a combination of any of the following: experience of neglect and abuse, poor parenting styles and weak family ties, negative experiences in school, etc. c. Contributory factors. These are factors that aggravate the current situation of children and young people in their given localities. These are the social, political, cultural and economic realities in society today such as poverty, social injustice, limited or no access to basic services, militarization of daily life, and structural violence. 6. Children are vulnerable to military recruitment because of their emotional and physical immaturity. They are easily manipulated and can be drawn into violence that they are too young to resist or understand. Technological advances in weaponry and the proliferation of small arms have contributed to the increased use of child soldiers. POVERTY AND FAMILY BACKGROUNG 7. Poverty and lack of schooling are said to be among key causes that draw hundreds of young boys and girls to took up arms in Sri Lankas North East and many are likely to face starvation if they quit the guerrillas.  [6]  If a significant number of child soldiers were indeed released this would augur well for the future. 8. Poverty is the main reason for joining the war. Due to domestic problems especially the financial difficulties, these children were prevented from schooling and were pushed by their own parents to join the LTTE organization. Mostly the children of high society like upper class and upper middle class or middle class are not recruited as child soldiers. Reason was that these families are well educated and guided well these prevailing conditions. TAMIL SOCIO-CULTURAL IDENTITY 9. In 1983 riots Tamil as a group were humiliated, the youths took up arms to prevent complete eclipse of the group identity. Language was the vital element of the Tamil identity. The identity develops from childhood through successive psycho-social stages to culminate in youth.  [7]   10. For younger girls, who experience the wide spread socio- cultural oppression against their sex, it is a means of escape and liberation. In many youngsters political repression, socio economic deprivation, frustration in life and fear of enemy has become prime motives if not compulsions for joining the militants. Another potential factor has been the oppressive Tamil-Hindu society where lower castes were suppressed by the so-called higher castes. For many from the lower castes joining the militants become a way out of this oppressive system. VIOLENCE 11 Laws such as the prevention of Terrorist Act and the Emergency Regulation allow for detention for long periods with out judicial process and sometimes violent act against such detainees. For example Bindunuwewa massacre. The great impact of this kind of structural violence and oppression is on the younger generation. These conditions create a sense of fear and hopelessness 12. Recruitment to the LTTE has remained largely voluntarily earlier. But the majority recruited may be children. LTTE denied that they used child soldiers. Likewise child recruitment by the LTTE was to become institutionalised after 1990. Older men were no longer joining.  [8]  In 1987 the LTTE banned other Tamil militant groups and started using young boys and girls as fighters. IMPACT OF CHILD SOLDIERING TOWARDS CHILDREN 13. War has be fallen a grave impact on a child development on attitudes, beliefs relationships with his countrymen and society, moral ethics and values and the mental framework for understanding society and understanding his own self and life itself. Children represent the future society in which these conflicts are waged but what will be the future and what can be expected from these nations where the horizon is masked by brutality and the youths of future generation are robbed of their golden childhood DIRECT IMPACT 14. Death and injury. a. Child soldiers are being used in more than thirty countries around the world. Children forced to take part in atrocities were often given drugs to overcome their fear or reluctance to fight. Because of their immaturity and lack of experience, child soldiers suffer higher casualties than their adult counterparts. Even after the conflict is over, they may be left physically disabled  [9]   15. Human right abuse. Sri Lanka has traditionally high level of education and training provided for children. But due to the past conflict many displaced children lose key identity document that is their birth certificate. Since birth certificate is an important document in Sri Lanka, displaced children are unable to gain full access to education. Not even that, they will not able to apply to all important national identity card which must be present at every check points and need for day to day work. 16. Displacement. a. Child soldiering and displacement are so integrally related. It demonstrates that it is extremely difficult to separate the impact of conflicts on children from the impact of small arms. Measures to ameliorate one situation often improve the other. b. Former child soldiers are vulnerable to displacement. They cannot simply return to their families and communities, and some families may reject them due to crimes committed and instead they become internally displaced person, refugee or seekers. INDIRECT IMPACT 17. Psychological trauma. a. Children appeared to be much more capable of retuning to normal after stress. But in the long term, when the armed conflicts continues, when no safe and secure not available for children, they may be put under enormous strain. Adults may not easily recognize the long-term responses of children to death, destruction and disruption, as children cannot verbally express their feeling and experiences. The way child react to trauma will depend on his/her age. The response also is influenced by the nature of the trauma. Some common traumatic experiences are separation anxiety, emotional disorders, sleep disturbances, unable to express and release their emotions verbally or otherwise, behaviour changes etc.  [10]   Anti social or psychopathic personalities are characterized by a conspicuous lack of conscience and human sympathy, rejection of social norms, emotional coldness, poor relationship, meaninglessness, cruel, callous and aggressive behaviour and poor impulse control. Delinquents, aggressive and psychopathic personalities may do well in a military set up where their energies and excess aggression can be diverted to national ends and their confinements to the Army proves to be a protection for society. d. Children complained of headaches, dizziness, fainting spells or chest pains with out a few days or months of joining the military movement. They were found to have repressed, separation anxiety for their parents and home or difficulty in adjusting to the rigorous training and militant life. e. The traumatic loss of family members, the experiences of cruelty, atrocity or barbaric behaviour, rarely leave visible scars but the effects are profound. Children may withdrew from contract, some become obsessed with violence or live on feelings of guilt or fantasies of revenge and become preoccupied with their role in past events. 18. Insecurity. a. Child soldiers are essentially displaced. Displacement for these children means insecurity and lack of access to choice, resources and opportunities. As child soldiers who cannot simply go home, it means risk of death, disability and serious psychological trauma. b. The social, psychological, moral and emotional deprivation they suffer, the persistent fear of loosing or the actual loss of parents are as damaging to childhood as being deprived of food, water and health care. They may have no idea that there could be better future. So many child soldiers have grown into adulthood without having known their family for long periods. 19. Culture of violence. a. Exposure of children during their formative years to insecurity, hopelessness, and violent deaths of loved ones as well as other cruel and aggressive acts and to the full paraphernalia of war with its instruments of destruction will permanently influence their development. b. So the delinquency has been found to be a common complication of exposure to war conditions. It is also likely that repeated exposure to violence, a family life ruled by terror and frequent disruption and a society in a continuous state of disequilibrium, where acceptance and praise to given to act of violence and recognition to the instruments of war teaches the child quickly the ways of violence 20. Lost opportunities. a. The presence of these widespread sophisticated weapons can have significant effect on future opportunities for children. The continued presence of these weapons in post conflict societies not only undermines a countrys ability to sustain peace but also represents a major stumbling block to sustainable human development. Children are severely affected by the lack of sustainable developments. b. Spread of two-decade conflict has caused untold suffering to millions of children caught up in armed conflict, not only during the conflict but also for reduction there after. The presence, proliferation and misuse of small weapons and light weapons have a devastating impact on children in conflict and post conflict societies. Cheap, easy to use and widely available these weapons fuel many contemporary conflicts and prolong, spread and deeper the consequences of conflict EFFECTS OF CHILD SOLDERING TOWARDS THE SOCIETY 21. The war has affected the functioning of the family unit in many ways. From the loss of one or both parents, separations particularly the children may it be Sinhalese or Tamil. Our Sri Lankan society is still based on the family. As such, the family tie is destroyed as a result of their child members being used in combat. Therefore, the society with dispersed families is destroyed to a greater extent. 22. The children from their young peer groups are separated by the war. This is what actually expected by the LTTE. Their parents are desolate and helpless and other family members are liable to ill treatment by the security forces. These children are being taught to obey only the LTTE leaders and to ignore the normal law of the country. After joining the organization they were motivated in such a manner that they were anxious to take revenge from the Sri Lankan forces and the Sinhalese people in the South. Most of them did not have any idea about so called independent Tamil state before they joined the organization. But after some times when they were captured only they had realized and understood the real Sinhala soldier and its hospitality and the importance of peace. 23. These children at the beginning, although they join the organization with willingness, face serious mental retardation because they lack the parental love and affection. There is no kind treatment or love from the LTTE organization even they fall sick. They are not treated well but are ill cared. Such treatment has affected the childs mind very badly. 24. Before this LTTE came into being, family setup, the connection between the parents and their children was so much good and it has affected the society very favourably. This has rewarded the society with very decent children. As such small children being taken out of the families, whether forcibly or willingly, have directly affected the families as well a CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS 1. Mainly the child soldiers are from the Tamil community, especially from the lower castes of oppressed Hindu Tamils. Initially Tamil youths joined the LTTE organization. However, in time the older youths escaped and migrated. Older men were no longer joining. Then the LTTE started using children and women as fighters recruiting them forcibly and willingly after motivated. 2. LTTE organization was one of the most dangerous front line in guerrilla organization in the world. They select children from the poor families, down trodden broken families, families of illiterate parents, and from the families of fallen heroes and families of poverty ridden and the children who are orphaned having lost their elders and relatives. LTTE was fully aware that they are violating child rights but continue to mislead telling that they come to them seeking recruitment. At the some time the LTTE organization terrorized the Tamil community and has laid down an unwritten law to the effect that every family must contribute a child of either sex to the organization.  [11]   3. Children separated from their families become mentally disabled or permanently sick and deprived of earning, food shelter and of family ties and education. Some of them have become drug addicted, violent and criminals. They have become a burden to themselves and to the Tamil society, to the whole country and to the whole world. On the other hand, their old parents neglected and isolated too have become another burden to society along with them. 4. War is the main reason for such a situation. The prime duty of the government, NGOs and the UN is to stop as well as evade children joining the war. Highlighting the violation of childrens rights and as well as a proper and correct rehabilitation while safeguarding the childrens rights. 5. At rehabilitation camps in Sri Lanka more than 100 former Tamil Tiger child soldiers are undergoing a year long rehabilitation course. There are nearly 300 child soldiers are integrate them in to society. Although the camp is surrounded by barbed wire and guarded by the Army, the inmates say the atmosphere inside is more like hostel. Many of them says that the LTTE took them by force.  [12]   CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Education and awareness building are key elements in changing the reintegration of youth into post conflict societies and cultures of violence. Hence, the Government must provide effective programmes that provide peaceful alternatives to counter conflict, violence and crime and eliminate the effects of armed struggle on the psycho-social development of children and their communities. 2. As such the authorities must take action to create secure conditions within which children can be educated and interact socially. The government must spare sufficient amount of money for the development of schools, rebuilding of schools, public libraries, health care facilities, publication of books,and recreational areas as an incentive to develop community peace essential for the well being of children. 3. Government must bring forward an accepted economic plan viable and effective, giving war affected children an opportunity to rehabilitate, to have shelter, food and education by coordinating NGOs, agencies and other donor approaches under a rights based frame-work implimented in order to protect children in futuere conflict. 4. Special attention should be paid by the government to eliminate in future recruitment of children into armed forces and groups by achieving universal ratification and full implementation of the optional Protocol to the Convention on the rights of the child on the involvment of children in armed conflict without reservation and declaration of 18 as the minimum age for voluntary recruitments. 5. Also the Government should legalize the using of children under 18 years in armed conflict as a criminal offence, and must grant refugee status to children under 18 years. 6. Also provide primary health care and rehabilitative care of children with sound health conditions and specially the psychological care and facilitate the fullest possible social integration. 7. The Government should provide emergency relief to rehabilitate the agriculture livestock and fisheries and to re-employ or to employ them on other income generating enterprise to enhance local capacities to improve house hold security on a self-reliant and sustainable basis in the North and East. 8. Also the Government must take steps to start programmes dedicated to family unification for former child soldiers. 9. Prohibiting of the import of arms to groups that use child soldiers as well as eliminating economical assistance to the same should be started by the Government. 11. Provide special care and attention considering the impact of conflicts of children, being victims of the conflict, on girls in particular the specific abuses perpetrated against them, and must take actions immediately to protect the rights of children and the rights of women. 12. The government must facilitate all requirements to eliminate HIV/AIDS infection and other sexually transmitted diseases spread through rape and sexual violence and against girls with children born from rape. 13. Special attention must be taken by the Government to provide successful rehabilitation through social and medical support and counseling, as girls and boys fulfill different roles within the armed groups and also a gender analysis must be included essentially because the girls represent the reproductive force of a damaged community. 14. Government and civil organizations should prioritize protection of unaccompanied or separated girls, for example, organizing special accommodation and safeguards for such female children and others at particular risk of recruitment. 15. The Government should ensure universal birth registration to have everyone a Birth Certificate and in order to prevent recruitment under 18 by default. 16. The Government must ensure speedy registration procedures at Camps and Settlements. 18. Make effort to trace and reconcile former child soldiers with their families, using long-term institutional care only as a last resort. 19. The Government must take early action to restrict civilian possession of military assault-weapons and include restrictions on the age of the user with a minimum age required. 20. The Government should use the Media to give the real picture to the mass by exhibiting how and why these children join the war and by using the electronic media the State must systematically dismantle the structures of discrimination and violence against these young human beings and the Tamil minority, as well. 21 Evan after children leave the rehabilitation center and return to their families should follow the progress of their normal life. Should help them to catch up their missed schooling and should give them a vocational training with the support of NGOs. CONCLUSION 1. The ideological experiment of motivating children as combatants has been a highly successful one. The LTTE has been able to enhance its performance in battle by developing child units, a sizable cadre of the Baby Brigade, were consisting of children in the age group of 7-15 in both sexes. Most of them were recruited not willingly, but being motivated yet not knowing anything of a Separate State. Their performances were high.. 2. The United Nation Organization is the most powerful Organization, which can fund for rehabilitation program. It is only the UNO, which can take stern action against Terrorist organizations for employing children in war. However, Prabakaran has promised when they were fighting to Mr. Olara Otunu, which they will never employ children in war combats in future, they broke the promise in no time, but it seems that UNO has not taken proper action far against this incident. Fact is that, though these NGOs, about 82 in number, talk about the rights of the children does nothing about their rights. Their responsibility is to highlight internationally about the injustice done by the terrorist and avoid such happenings in future. The violations of childrens rights have to be enlightened and they must safeguard the childrens rights as well. A UN Special Envoy Maj Gen Patrick Camert had a visit to Sri Lanka to assess the situation of children affected by the conflict .He paid more attention on re-inte

The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War I In 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at war. Due to many small, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian government. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasn't acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They declared war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and vice versa. On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the fact that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would lose Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% percent of it's total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to worry about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front. The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 million soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

Herrick’s Restaurant

Herrick’s Restaurant is a new restaurant company in its formative stages and is being organized in order to take advantage for the lack of significant number of product lines that present restaurants in the United States do not have at present days.Furthermore, with the opportunity to offer cheaper, variety of high quality food services to its target customers, Herrick’s Restaurant plans to dominate the restaurant industry in the United States. With the present unstable condition of the U.S. economy many consumers become price conscious and started searching for cheaper but high quality goods and services in the market.With this present market trend and behavior of American consumers, Herrick’s Restaurant expects to become more profitable relative to the present restaurants in the market through its cheap and vast variety of great tasting quality foods. Furthermore, in order to secure the success of Herrick’s Restaurant in the market, it plans to launch fi ve store branches every year so as to increase its market share faster.With Herrick’s Restaurant skilled chefs and crew as well as staffs, it plans to provide extra ordinary experience to its customers by giving them the combination of highest quality of food and services. Herrick’s Restaurant management’s value on the satisfaction of their customers would serves as the pillar of their success.The classy interior design of Herrick’s Restaurant would give relaxing experience to its customers and perfect for family gathering, business meetings, or even a place where peers could meet and make bond with one another.These unique qualities of Herrick Restaurant would give it enough room to easily out-perform its competitors in the market and at the same time make large amount of profit despite of the present unstable condition of the U.S. economy. It is being expected that after the next five years, Herrick Restaurant would start entering the international mark et and operate on many countries to further expand its horizon in the restaurant industry.Herrick Restaurant’s ObjectiveHire high skilled staff and the best Chefs in the culinary world through high salary payments and more employee benefits relative to other restaurants in the market To have 40 percent market share in the next 5 years operation of the restaurant. Double its revenue by the end of 2009.To out-perform its competitors in the market in terms of sales volume and profits annually. Become the top restaurant in the U.S. market in 2016. Operate internationally by 2013 to further expand the market and market share of the company. To add 5 or more restaurants in the U.S. market every year to support high growth for the company. Mission of Herrick’s RestaurantHerrick’s Restaurant has a mission of providing cheaper, vast variety of great-tasting-high-quality dishes plus superb services from its staffs to provide extra ordinary experiences to its target custom ers. All of our efforts and strategies will point towards attaining higher customer satisfaction and improving the skills of our Chefs, crew, and staffs.This premium that our management is giving to our target customers would serve as its main avenue towards being the top restaurant in the U.S. restaurant industry and have impressive growth in terms of profit and/or sales volume.Furthermore, it is not only great service and food quality that we offer to our target customers but also providing relaxing environment and atmosphere that will suit people from different walks of life while inside our store. In the end, this mission of ours will guide us in future decision making processes and would serve as the pillar of many strategies of the company towards the attainment of market success and dominance.Restaurant Industry OverviewRestaurant industry has been one of the most profitable and stable industries in the American market for the past years. This is the main reason why the owner s of Herrick’s Restaurants decided to establish a restaurant business than any other possible business venture in the market.The restaurant industry in the United States is being expected to have a sales equivalent to 558 billion USD this year and has been behaving positively since 1970’s and to have a sales growth equal to 4.4 percent in 2008 (Restaurant.org, 2007).Eating establishment is one of the types of restaurants that provide the highest sales projections for 2008 where Herrick’s Restaurant is classified. This only means that this year is a â€Å"good year† for the officials of Herrick’s Restaurant to become aggressive on its expansion programs in the market.

Business Management questions and answers

Business Management questions and answers 1. What is the fundamental goal of business? Do all organizations share this goal?The fundamental goal of business is to earn a profit. Not all organizations share this goal because they are nonprofit organizations.2. Name the forms a product may take and give some examples of each.The forms a product may take are tangible and intangible. Tangible goods are computers, clothing, automobiles, and food. Intangible goods are services or ideas made by people.3. Who are the main participants of business? What are the main activities? What other factors have an impact on the conduct of business in the United States?The main participants of business are employees, customers, and owners. The main activities are management, marketing, and finance. The other factors that have an impact on the conduct of business in the United States are economic systems, the free-enterprise system, the concepts of supply and demand, and the role of competition.moo.com business cards4. What are four types of eco nomic systems? Can you provide an example of a country using each type?The four types of economic systems are Communism, Socialism, Capitalism, and Mixed Economies. China uses communism in the way that the government owns and operates everything. India uses socialism in the way that individuals only own small businesses and the government owns and operates all major industries. The United States uses Capitalism in the way that all individuals own and operate all businesses.5. Explain the terms supply, demand, equilibrium price, and competition. How do these forces interact in the American economy?Supply is the number of products that businesses are willing to sell at different prices at a specific time. Demand is the number of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy at different prices at a specific time. Equilibrium price is the price at...

Vulnerable Computer Networks essays

Vulnerable Computer Networks essays As more and more people use Internet for pleasure, more and more criminals use it to break into remote computers to steal information, plant viruses, or simply change user names and passwords. In any case, many online computer networks are vulnerable to outside hacker attacks. This can target home computers, as well as corporate networks (Koerner 20). Most of the time intrusions occur because security is low and not well maintained due to incompetent security administrators (Koerner 54). PC security is never 100 percent effective (Dugdale 292). As the Internet gets faster and faster, network administrators want their networks to be as fast as possible so access to them is not sluggish. Actually, some security software can slow down a network as much as 20 percent (Koerner 20 Webs bad week). Administrators want the network or Internet site up as soon as possible. Koerner states that most of the time security is in the back of the administrators mind (20). You cant just buy a product and think you are magically secure, stated Bruce Schneier, founder and chief technology officer of Counterpane Internet Security (Koerner 20 Webs bad week). Author of Mastering Network Security, Chris Benton, says, Its easier for an administrator to throw software at the problem rather than take time to come up to speed (Koerner 54 cybervandals). It seems like most security administrators are unable to solve problems themselves. They resort to the software that others program to keep their systems up to date. In reality, it may be counter effective since administrators do not exactly know what holes that the software may have in them. Intrusion detection of hackers is one thing, but when attacks that cripple networks are coordinated to make it look like ordinary people are using a website legitimately are known as Denial of Service attacks, are another. A hacker can break into various low ...

HRM Issues in McDonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM Issues in McDonalds - Essay Example HRM Issues in McDonalds McDonalds Corporation is the largest network of fast food restaurants headquartered in the United States. The company was founded in 1940 by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald. Currently the organisation has it active presence in 119 countries across the world with franchisees, affiliates, or the corporation’s own restaurants. The firm’s main sources of revenues include rent, royalties, and fees from franchisees, and sales revenues from company’s directly-operated restaurants. As stated in its website, the corporation’s product lines include hamburgers, chicken, cheeseburgers, french fries, soft drinks, and desserts (McDonalds.com). The strategic position of McDonald with regard to the recruitment and selection, training and development, staff turnover, and reward and benefit has been a topic for academic discussion for decades. High staff turnover has been criticized as the indication of low staff morale in McDonald, however, a BBC report (28 January 2008), says that McDonalds specifically focuses on the issue of staff turnover as a strategic gap to be bridged (BBC News, 2008). The challenges involve the following; first, recruitment and training of new employees is an expensive task. Hence employee turnover contributes to the firm’s operating expenses. Secondly, due to this issue the organisation has been losing experienced and skilled employees and thereby it causes productivity declines. Most of the Multinational Corporations confront the issues of rising labour costs, staff turnover, and staff shortage. As Smith (2006, p. 175) points out, in order for keeping the labour costs low, McDonalds and other fast food chains have lobbied government and legislative bodies against worker benefits many times. And the result was high turnover which in McDonalds alone reached 300 percent per year in some of i ts outlets (Ibid). A recent report in Wall Street Journal dated April 10 says that McDonalds is striving to address the mounting complaints against its rude and unprofessional employees (Jargon 2013). The problems with low employee morale also have to be counted as the indication of high staff turnover that can be attributed to some HR failures. Evidences suggest that employee turnover has been pertinent in the industry for several years. For instance, a Chicago Tribune report (May 15, 2007) by Schmeltzer also describes what McDonalds did for retaining its employees in Chicago outlets. It launched a career campaign highlighting the employment in McDonalds as McCareer instead of McJob. According to the Fast Food Nation statistics (as cited by Lubin & Badkar Dec 7, 2012), McDonalds hires more than 1 million workers in the US every year with 700,000 domestic workforce and with 150% turnover rate. Msn Money report by Berr (Apr 11, 2013) also reveals that McDonalds has been recently faci ng numerous issues associated with staff shortage. Another report of the sort by Chittum (April 12, 2013) appeared on Columbia

CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT - Research Paper Example However, the underlying score is to attach the quality to the demands of the market as determined by the marketing department in a commercial organization. Additionally, every commercial organization has a growth and expansion as their key objectives. The feature is reliant on the production of goods that meet the demands of the market thus expanding the market share; this implies that quality is among the most fundamental aspects of either a product or service that attracts the customers (Fournier, 1998). The American association for quality has one of the best definition of quality stating that quality is a â€Å"combination of several qualitative and quantitative perspectives for which everyone has his or her definitions†. The definition permits and propagates the relativity of the concept by permitting everyone to define the perspectives differently. Different commercial organizations operate in the sale and delivery of diverse products and services. Such organizations hav e different target markets which they must therefore entice and develop the brand among them. To those companies selling products, several factors both qualitative and quantitative influence the quality of their products. Qualitative factors relate to the different attributes of the products that contribute to meeting the market demand. Such arise from the raw materials used in the manufacture and the entire process if manufacture. Quantitative perspectives on the other hand concern the measurable aspects of the products that contribute to them satisfying the market demand. A company should for example produce adequate products to infiltrate the entire market thus ensuring no shortages of the products among a particular market. This implies that the organization must manufacture a specify number of goods in order to prevent loses resulting from both surplus production and inadequacies of underproduction. Commercial organizations operating in service delivery also have their own rela tive definition of quality of their services to their diverse target markets. Such organizations must ensure the provision of adequate hospitality and hygienic services that are commensurate to the amount of money they charge for their services. The consideration of the diverse operations by different companies in either service delivery or sale of products validates the definition of quality as per the American association of quality. The definition of quality according to the Philip Crosby equally meets the diversity of operations by different companies in different markets. The marketing scholar and author define quality as â€Å"the conformance to requirements†. The definition allows users to set their own unique features thus determine different conformance. Such is the nature of marketing since different organizations have different markets and thus carry out different marketing strategies. As defined earlier, marketing refers to the determination of the demand from the market and influencing the production and the delivery process to meet such demands. The organizations must therefore determine the demands from the market and couple them with effective production of the products in legally accepted methods thus creating life sustaining products and services that do not only serve the population but also sustain the profitability objective of the organizations (Kotler & Fox, 2002). In view to the relativity of the definition of the requirements used in the definition of

Employment training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employment training - Essay Example In contrast to this, both government and employers are still faced with several challenges on the level of expertise of such staff and the total contributions achieved by the children from such experiences (Buchen 2005, Tassoni; et al.2002). While there is still need to adjust staff to children ratio, the government still maintains its policy that, the training staffs must be holders of either Certificate grade III or Diploma after completing the preliminary training in childcare practices. This has created a lot of challenges to the employers on a continual demand for trained teachers (Reitz 2004). Currently, the Australian government policy has generated much concern about the impact of insufficient number of childcare staffs and the trainers of young children. The main point of concern is that, in future if this trend continues then there would be a very big deficit of workers needed to provide education to the young children. Besides, the potential demand in institutions for trai ners, consequence is being felt by the institutional owners who have resorted to sourcing for childcare staffs internationally as stiff policy by the Australian government bites to underplay the education industry for young children (OECD 2001). Considering some of the initiatives by the Australian government, for the early child development staffs to either, attain Diploma levels or source for more expatriates from other countries has been touted. However, less significant impact has been received because other countries are also in dire need of such people and being a competitive industry, most skilled personnel’s only seek opportunity in places where good rewards in terms of remunerations can be achieved certainly, in places such as Asia or the United States. Furthermore, the demand for early childhood education teachers may have also been created in their countries of origin (McKenzie and Santiago 2005). According to ABC news report, the new requirements, which have been put in place by the Australian government on the childhood graduate trainees, has forced most of institutional owners to consider staffs oversees. Mr. Colbert childhood education staff from Majura Children Park Canberra explains that, the policy has interfered with the recruitment locally since, most of the graduates still miss to have the additional requirements of the Diploma requirements subjecting the organizations to consider international staffs. Another point of concern has been noted by Ranstad education recruiter, who has given observation that in several vacancy advertisements, most of the potential applicants would be found to have come from the Diaspora (ABC News 2013). Some of the organizations allied to the government have embraced the reforms to have all childhood education teachers to advance the level of training inline line with the current policy. However, most of the teachers who are currently working see it as wastage of time because the syllabus being taught at those levels had actually been covered at the undergraduate. In addition, the training is not meant for free as it comes at an additional cost impacting unnecessary expenses on what is perceived to have been learnt earlier on at the university by teachers in practice (OECD 2006). Some of the national requirements considered to be of greeter challenge to this education industry are amongst: Half the staffs at every daycare center must be a holder of diploma in early childhood e